Raj Britania Raya
Raj Britania Raya British Raj (Inggris) ब्रिटिश राज (Hindi) برطانوی راج (Urdu) ব্রিটিশ রাজ (Bengali) ဗြိတိသျှအင်ပါယာ (Burma) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1858–1947 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Bintang India (bendera)  Bintang India | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Semboyan: "Heaven's Light Our Guide" ("Cahaya Surga Memandu Kami") | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lagu kebangsaan: "God Save the King/Queen" | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 Raj Britania Raya pada tahun 1936 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Status | Koloni Britania Raya | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ibu kota | Kolkata (1858-1911)[a] New Delhi (1911-1947) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bahasa yang umum digunakan |
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| Pemerintahan | Koloni Britania Raya | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Raja/Ratu dan Kaisar India Britania Rayaa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1858–1901 | Victoria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1901–1910 | Edward VII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1910–1936 | George V | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1936 | Edward VIII | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1936–1947 | George VI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Raja Mudab | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1858–1862 | Charles Canning (pertama) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1947 | Louis Mountbatten (terakhir) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sekretaris Negara | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1858–1859 | Edward Stanley (pertama) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1947 | William Hare (terakhir) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Legislatif | Dewan Legislatif Kekaisaran | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sejarah | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 23 Juni 1757 & 10 Mei 1857 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• Undang-Undang Pemerintah India 1858 | 2 Agustus 1858 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 18 Juli 1947 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 15 Agustus 1947 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mata uang | Rupee India | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kode ISO 3166 | IN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Sekarang bagian dari |  India Pakistan Bangladesh Myanmar Uni Emirat Arab Bahrain Oman Kuwait Qatar Yaman Malaysia Singapura Somaliland Irak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Raj Britania Raya(bahasa Inggris: British Raj; /rɑːdʒ/; dari rāj, secara harafiah, "kekuasaan" dalam Hindustani)[1], juga disebut Kekuasaan Mahkota di India atau kekuasaan langsung di India, merujuk pada periode kekuasaan Britania Raya di anak benua India, yang mencakup India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, dan Myanmar, di mana wilayah-wilayah tersebut berada dalam kekuasaan kolonial Britania Raya sebagai bagian dari Imperium Britania Raya.[2][3][4][5] Sejak kemerdekaan negara-negara tersebut, masa sebelum kemerdekaan mereka disebut dengan istilah India Britania Raya (British India), walaupun sebelum kemerdekaan istilah tersebut hanya merujuk pada bagian anakbenua yang berada langsung di bawah pemerintahan Britania Raya di Delhi dan sebelumnya Kolkata.
Banyak wilayah yang berada di bawah kekuasaan Britania Raya pada masa ini yang tidak langsung diperintah oleh orang-orang Britania Raya, melainkan merupakan "Negara Kepangeranan" (Princely State) independen yang dipimpin oleh Maharaja, Raja, Thakur, dan Nawab, yang menandatangani perjanjian untuk tunduk pada monarki Britania Raya. Hal ini dimulai sejak 1858, sewaktu kekuasaan Perusahaan Hindia Timur Britania Raya dikembalikan ke Tahta Britania Raya, sampai tahun 1947, sewaktu India dibagi menjadi dua negara berdaulat, India dan Pakistan. Walaupun Sri Lanka (pada waktu itu disebut Ceylon) adalah periferal dari anakbenua India, wilayah ini tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari Raj, karena diperintah sebagai koloni mahkota (Crown Colony) dari London dan bukan oleh Raja Muda India sebagai bagian dari Imperium India (Indian Empire). India Prancis dan India Portugal terdiri dari daerah-daerah kantung pesisir yang masing-masing diperintah oleh Prancis dan Portugal; wilayah-wilayah ini diintegrasikan ke dalam India setelah kemerdekaan India.
Sejarah
Perusahaan Hindia Timur Britania Raya sebagai perusahaan saham gabungan yang dimiliki Britania Raya, membentuk kongsi dagang di wilayah Samudra Hindia. Pada awalnya dengan Kekaisaran Mughal dan negara kecil di Hindia Timur, dan kemudian dengan Kekaisaran Qing di Tiongkok. Perusahaan itu akhirnya mengambil alih sebagian besar anak benua India, menjajah sebagian Asia Tenggara, dan Hong Kong setelah perang dengan Kekaisaran Qing. Setelah perang pertama untuk kemerdekaan India yang dikenal Pemberontakan India 1857, Pemerintah Britania Raya mengambil alih pemerintahan untuk mendirikan Raj Britania Raya. Burma Britania Raya juga sempat dilebur ke dalam Raj ini sampai Kemerdekaan India 1947.
Geografi
Raj Britania Raya membentang di hampir semua wilayah India, Pakistan, dan Bangladesh saat ini, kecuali pada kepemilikan kecil oleh negara-negara Eropa lainnya seperti Goa dan Pondicherry.[6] Daerah ini sangat beragam, berisi pegunungan Himalaya, dataran banjir yang subur, Dataran Indus-Gangga, garis pantai panjang, hutan kering tropis, dataran tinggi kering, dan gurun Thar.[7] Selain itu, pada berbagai waktu, itu termasuk Aden (dari 1858 hingga 1937),[8] Burma Hilir (dari 1858 hingga 1937), Burma Hulu (dari 1886 hingga 1937), Somaliland Britania Raya (sesaat dari 1884 hingga 1898), dan Singapura (sesaat dari 1858 hingga 1867). Burma dipisahkan dari India dan dikelola secara langsung oleh Imperium Britania Raya dari tahun 1937 hingga kemerdekaannya pada tahun 1948. Negara bagian Trusial di Teluk Persia dan negara-negara di bawah Keresidenan Teluk Persia secara teori adalah wilayah kerajaan serta Kepresidenan dan provinsi di India Britania Raya sampai 1947 serta menggunakan rupee sebagai satuan mata uang mereka.[9]
Di antara negara-negara lain di kawasan ini, Ceylon (sekarang Sri Lanka) diserahkan ke Britania Raya pada tahun 1802 di bawah Perjanjian Amiens. Ceylon adalah bagian dari Kepresidenan Madras antara 1793 dan 1798.[10] Kerajaan Nepal dan Bhutan, setelah berperang dengan Britania Raya, perjanjian kemudian ditandatangani dengan mereka dan diakui oleh Britania Raya sebagai negara merdeka.[11][12] Kerajaan Sikkim didirikan sebagai wilayah kerajaan setelah Perjanjian Britania Raya-Sikkim pada tahun 1861; namun, masalah kedaulatan tidak terdefinisi.[13] Kepulauan Maladewa adalah protektorat Britania Raya dari tahun 1887 hingga 1965, namun bukan merupakan bagian dari India Britania Raya.
India Britania Raya dan negara kepangeranan
India pada era Raj Britania Raya terdiri dari dua jenis wilayah: India Britania Raya dan negara asli (atau princely state).[14] Dalam Interpretation Act 1889, Parlemen Britania Raya mengadopsi definisi berikut dalam Bagian 18:
| “ | (4.) Ungkapan "India Britania Raya" berarti semua wilayah dan tempat di dalam wilayah kekuasaan Raja dan Ratu yang untuk saat ini diperintah oleh Raja dan Ratu melalui Gubernur-Jenderal India atau melalui gubernur atau pejabat lain yang menjadi bawahan Gubernur-Jenderal India. | ” |
Secara umum, istilah "India Britania Raya" digunakan (dan masih digunakan) untuk merujuk pula pada daerah-daerah di bawah kekuasaan Perusahaan India Timur Britania Raya di India pada tahun 1600-1858.[16] Istilah ini juga telah digunakan untuk merujuk pada "Britania di India".[17]
Istilah "Imperium India" (seperti istilah "Imperium Britania Raya") tidak digunakan dalam undang-undang. Raja dikenal sebagai Maharani atau Kaisar India dan istilah tersebut sering digunakan dalam Pidato Ratu dan Pidato Prorogasi. Paspor yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah India Britania Raya memiliki tulisan "Imperium India" di sampulnya dan "Imperium India" di bagian dalam.[18]
Kekuasaan lebih dari 175 wilayah kerajaan, beberapa yang terbesar dan paling penting, dilaksanakan (atas nama Imperium Britania Raya) oleh pemerintah pusat India Britania Raya di bawah Raja Muda; sisa sekitar 500 negara bagian adalah tanggungan pemerintah provinsi Britania Raya di India di bawah Gubernur, Wakil Gubernur, atau Komisaris Utama (seperti yang mungkin terjadi).[19] Perbedaan yang jelas antara "kekuasaan" dan "kekuasaan raja" dipasok oleh yurisdiksi pengadilan hukum: hukum India Britania Raya bersandar pada hukum yang disahkan oleh Parlemen Britania Raya dan kekuatan legislatif hukum-hukum yang dipegang oleh berbagai pemerintahan India Britania Raya, baik pusat maupun lokal; sebaliknya, pengadilan-pengadilan Negara Kepangeranan berada di bawah otoritas penguasa masing-masing negara bagian tersebut.[19]
Pengaruh ideologi
Pada saat kemerdekaan dan setelah kemerdekaan India, India telah mempertahankan lembaga-lembaga pusat Britania Raya seperti pemerintahan parlementer, satu orang, satu suara serta aturan hukum melalui pengadilan non-partisan.[20] Hal ini dipertahankan serta pengaturan kelembagaan Raj seperti administrasi daerah, universitas dan bursa saham. Salah satu perubahan besar adalah penolakan terhadap negara-wilayah kerajaan yang terpisah sebelumnya. Metcalf menunjukkan bahwa selama dua abad, para intelektual Britania Raya dan spesialis India menjadikan prioritas tertinggi membawa perdamaian, persatuan dan pemerintahan yang baik untuk India.[21] Mereka menawarkan banyak metode bersaing untuk mencapai tujuan. Sebagai contoh, Cornwallis merekomendasikan mengubah Bengali Zamindar menjadi semacam tuan tanah Britania Raya yang mengendalikan urusan lokal di Britania Raya.[21] Munro diusulkan untuk berhubungan langsung dengan para petani. Sir William Jones dan para orientalis mempromosikan bahasa Sanskerta, sementara Macaulay mempromosikan bahasa Inggris.[22] Zinkin berpendapat bahwa dalam jangka panjang, apa yang paling penting mengenai warisan Kemaharajaan adalah ideologi politik Britania Raya yang diambil alih oleh orang India setelah tahun 1947, terutama kepercayaan dalam kesatuan, demokrasi, supremasi hukum dan kesetaraan tertentu di luar kasta dan kepercayaan.[21] Zinkin melihat ini bukan hanya di partai Kongres tetapi juga di antara Nasionalis Hindu di Partai Bharatiya Janata, yang secara khusus menekankan tradisi Hindu.[23][24]
Lihat pula
Portal India
- Daftar Gubernur-Jenderal India
- Perusahaan Hindia Timur Britania Raya
- Gerakan kemerdekaan India
- Imperialisme Barat di Asia
- Pemerintahan Interim India
- India Kolonial
- Princely state
Catatan
Referensi
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, edisi ke-2, 1989: dari Skr. rāj "untuk memerintah, berkuasa", serumpun dengan L. rēx, rēg-is, OIr. rī, rīg "raja" (bandingan rich).
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, edisi ke-3 (Juni 2008), edisi daring (September 2011): "spec. In full British Raj. Direct rule in India by the British (1858–1947); this period of dominion."
- ^ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India (dalam bahasa Inggris), John Wiley & Sons, hlm. 107, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1,
When the formal rule of the Company was replaced by the direct rule of the British Crown in 1858, […]
- ^ Lowe, Lisa (2015), The Intimacies of Four Continents (dalam bahasa Inggris), Duke University Press, hlm. 71, ISBN 978-0-8223-7564-7,
Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj."
- ^ Wright, Edmund (2015), A Dictionary of World History (dalam bahasa Inggris), Oxford University Press, hlm. 537, ISBN 978-0-19-968569-1,
More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities […] existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947)
- ^ "The Geography of British India, Political & Physical (1882)". Archive.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). UK Archives. Diakses tanggal 2 Agustus 2014.
- ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 247. ISBN 9781107507180.
- ^ Marshall (2001), hlm. 384
- ^ Subodh Kapoor (Januari 2002). The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6 (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cosmo Publications. hlm. 1599. ISBN 978-81-7755-257-7.
- ^ Codrington, 1926, Chapter X:Transition to British administration
- ^ [1] Diarsipkan 24 November 2015 di Wayback Machine. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
- ^ "Bhutan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
- ^ "Sikkim." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 Agustus 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46212>.
- ^ "India" (dalam bahasa Inggris). World Digital Library. Diakses tanggal 24 Januari 2013.
- ^ Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.
- ^ 1. Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume IV, published under the authority of the Secretary of State for India-in-Council, 1909, Oxford University Press. hlm. 5. Kutipan: "The history of British India falls, as observed by Sir C. P. Ilbert in his Government of India, into three periods. From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century, the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the mutiny of 1857 the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown, and then follows an era of peace in which India awakens to new life and progress." 2. The Statutes: From the Twentieth Year of King Henry the Third to the ... oleh Robert Harry Drayton, Statutes of the Realm – Law – 1770 hlm. 211 (3) "Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the law of British India and of the several parts thereof existing immediately before the appointed ..." 3. Edney, Matthew H. (1997). Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843 (dalam bahasa Inggris). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-18488-3. 4. Hawes, Christopher J. (1996). Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773–1833 (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-0425-5.
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908, hlm. 463, 470 Kutipan1: "Before passing on to the political history of British India, which properly begins with the Anglo-French Wars in the Carnatic, ... (hlm. 463)" Kutipan2: "The political history of the British in India begins in the eighteenth century with the French Wars in the Carnatic. (hlm. 471)"
- ^ British Indian Passport of Muhammad Ali Jinnah Diarsipkan 10 February 2013 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907, hlm. 60
- ^ "Britain in India, Ideology and Economics to 1900". Fsmitha (dalam bahasa Inggris). F. Smith. Diakses tanggal 2 Agustus 2014.
- ^ a b c "Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: the British in Bengal". History.ac.uk. History. Diakses tanggal 2 Agustus 2014. Parameter
|langauge=yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (|language=yang disarankan) (bantuan) - ^ Thomas R. Metcalf, The New Cambridge History of India: Ideologies of the Raj (1995), hlm. 10–12, 34–35
- ^ Zinkin, Maurice (Oktober 1995). "Legacies of the Raj". Asian Affairs (Book Review) (dalam bahasa Inggris). 26 (3): 314–316. ISSN 0306-8374.
- ^ Y. K. Malik and V. B. Singh, Hindu Nationalists in India: the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party (Westview Press, 1994), hlm. 14
Daftar pustaka
Survei
- Allan, J., T. Wolseley Haig, H. H. Dodwell. The Cambridge Shorter History of India (1934) 996 pp. online; at Google
- Bandhu, Deep Chand. History of Indian National Congress (2003) 405pp
- Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, Orient Longman. Pp. xx, 548., ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2 .
- Bayly, C. A. (1990), Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 248, ISBN 978-0-521-38650-0 .
- Brown, Judith M. (1994) [First published 1984], Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 474, ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9 .
- Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (2003), Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-30787-1
- Chhabra, G. S. (2005) [First published 1971], Advanced Study in the History of Modern India, Volume III (1920-1947) (edisi ke-Revised), New Delhi: Lotus Press, hlm. 2, ISBN 978-81-89093-08-2
- Copland, Ian (2001), India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series), Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. 160, ISBN 978-0-582-38173-5
- Coupland, Reginald. India: A Re-Statement (Oxford University Press, 1945), evaluation of the Raj, emphasising government. online edition
- Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858 (1932) 660 pp. online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
- Gilmour, David. The British in India: A Social History of the Raj(2018); expanded edition of The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (2007) Excerpt and text search
- Herbertson, A.J. and O.J.R. Howarth. eds. The Oxford Survey Of The British Empire (6 vol 1914) online vol 2 on Asia pp. 1–328 on India
- James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000)
- Judd, Denis (2004), The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280, ISBN 978-0-19-280358-0 .
- Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire (5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj
- Low, D. A. (1993), Eclipse of Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-45754-5
- Ludden, David E. (2002), India And South Asia: A Short History, Oxford: Oneworld, ISBN 978-1-85168-237-9
- Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950), An advanced history of India
- Majumdar, R. C. ed. (1970). British paramountcy and Indian renaissance. (The history and culture of the Indian people) Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
- Mansingh, Surjit The A to Z of India (2010), a concise historical encyclopaedia
- Marshall, P. J. (2001), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 400 pp., Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press., ISBN 978-0-521-00254-7 .
- Markovits, Claude (2004), A History of Modern India, 1480–1950, Anthem Press, ISBN 978-1-84331-004-4
- Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372, ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1
- Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
- Panikkar, K. M. (1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498-1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin.
- Peers, Douglas M. (2006), India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. xvi, 163, ISBN 978-0-582-31738-3 .
- Riddick, John F. The history of British India: a chronology (2006) excerpt and text search, covers 1599–1947
- Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998), covers 1599–1947
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- Sarkar, Sumit. Modern India, 1885–1947 (2002)
- Smith, Vincent A. (1958) The Oxford History of India (3rd ed.) the Raj section was written by Percival Spear
- Somervell, D.C. The Reign of King George V, (1936) covers Raj 1910–35 pp. 80–84, 282–91, 455–64 online free
- Spear, Percival (1990) [First published 1965], A History of India, Volume 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298, ISBN 978-0-14-013836-8 .
- Stein, Burton (2001), A History of India, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiv, 432, ISBN 978-0-19-565446-2 .
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- Wolpert, Stanley, ed. Encyclopedia of India (4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars
- Wolpert, Stanley A. (2006), Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-539394-1
Topik khusus
- Baker, David (1993), Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820–1920, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 374, ISBN 978-0-19-563049-7
- Bayly, Christopher (2000), Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society), Cambridge University Press. Pp. 426, ISBN 978-0-521-66360-1
- Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Timothy (2005), Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01748-1, diakses tanggal 22 September 2013
- Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Timothy (2007), Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02153-2, diakses tanggal 21 September 2013
- Bose, Sudhindra (1916), Some Aspects of British Rule in India, Studies in the Social Sciences, Volume V (1), Iowa City: The University, hlm. 79–81
- Brown, Judith M. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (1991), scholarly biography
- Brown, Judith M.; Louis, Wm. Roger, ed. (2001), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, ISBN 978-0-19-924679-3
- Buckland, C.E. Dictionary of Indian Biography (1906) 495 pp. full text
- Carrington, Michael (May 2013), "Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against "collisions" between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905", Modern Asian Studies, 47 (3): 780–819, doi:10.1017/S0026749X12000686
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- Chatterji, Joya (1993), Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947, Cambridge University Press. Pp. 323, ISBN 978-0-521-52328-8 .
- Copland, Ian (2002), Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. Pp. 316, ISBN 978-0-521-89436-4 .
- Das, Manmath Nath (1964). India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms. G. Allen and Unwin.
- Davis, Mike (2001), Late Victorian Holocausts, Verso Books, ISBN 978-1-85984-739-8
- Dewey, Clive. Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service (2003)
- Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service", History Today, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947
- Fieldhouse, David (1996), "For Richer, for Poorer?", dalam Marshall, P. J., The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 400, hlm. 108–146, ISBN 978-0-521-00254-7
- Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. University of California Press. 258 pages. ISBN 978-0-520-06249-8.
- Gilmour, David. Curzon: Imperial Statesman (2006) excerpt and text search
- Gopal, Sarvepalli. British Policy in India 1858–1905 (2008)
- Gopal, Sarvepalli (1976), Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Harvard U. Press, ISBN 978-0-674-47310-2, diakses tanggal 21 February 2012
- Gopal, Sarvepalli. Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin 1926–1931 (1957)
- Gopal, Sarvepalli (1953), The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880–1884, Oxford U. Press, diakses tanggal 21 February 2012
- Gould, William (2004), Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India, Cambridge U. Press. Pp. 320 .
- Grove, Richard H. (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Even in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1&2): 75–98, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203
- Hall-Matthews, David (November 2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India", Modern Asian Studies, 42 (6): 1189–1212, doi:10.1017/S0026749X07002892
- Hyam, Ronald (2007), Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-86649-1
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
- Jalal, Ayesha (1993), The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, Cambridge U. Press, 334 pages .
- Kaminsky, Arnold P. The India Office, 1880–1910 (1986) excerpt and text search, focus on officials in London
- Khan, Yasmin (2007), The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan, Yale U. Press, 250 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3
- Khan, Yasmin. India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War (2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as Khan, Yasmin. The Raj At War: A People's History Of India's Second World War (2015) a major, comprehensive scholarly study
- Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India", Modern Asian Studies, 34 (3): 545–80, JSTOR 313141
- Koomar, Roy Basanta (2009), The Labor Revolt in India, BiblioBazaar, LLC, hlm. 13–14, ISBN 978-1-113-34966-8
- Kumar, Deepak. Science and the Raj: A Study of British India (2006)
- Lipsett, Chaldwell. Lord Curzon in India 1898–1903 (1903) excerpt and text search 128pp
- Low, D. A. (2002), Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Ambiguity 1929–1942, Cambridge University Press. Pp. 374, ISBN 978-0-521-89261-2 .
- MacMillan, Margaret. Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India (2007)
- Metcalf, Thomas R. (1991), The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870, Riverdale Co. Pub. Pp. 352, ISBN 978-81-85054-99-5
- Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997), Ideologies of the Raj, Cambridge University Press, Pp. 256, ISBN 978-0-521-58937-6
- Moore, Robin J. (2001a), "Imperial India, 1858–1914", dalam Porter, Andrew N., Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume III: The Nineteenth Century, hlm. 422–46, ISBN 978-0-19-924678-6
- Moore, Robin J. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, (2001b), pp. 231–42
- Nehru, Jawaharlal (1946), Discovery of India, Delhi: Oxford University Press
- Porter, Andrew, ed. (2001), Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century, Oxford University Press. Pp. 800, ISBN 978-0-19-924678-6
- Raghavan, Srinath. India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia (2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt
- Rai, Lajpat (2008), England's Debt to India: A Historical Narrative of Britain's Fiscal Policy in India, BiblioBazaar, LLC, hlm. 263–281, ISBN 978-0-559-80001-6
- Raja, Masood Ashraf (2010), Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2
- Ramusack, Barbara (2004), The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge University Press. Pp. 324, ISBN 978-0-521-03989-5
- Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence (W. W. Norton, 1999) online edition; detailed scholarly history of 1940–47
- Riddick, John F. The History of British India: A Chronology (2006) excerpt
- Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998); 5000 entries excerpt
- Shaikh, Farzana (1989), Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial India, 1860—1947, Cambridge University Press. Pp. 272., ISBN 978-0-521-36328-0 .
- Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal, ed. (1999), Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent, Oxford University Press. Pp. 420, ISBN 978-0-19-579051-1 .
- Thatcher, Mary. Respected Memsahibs: an Anthology (Hardinge Simpole, 2008)
- Tinker, Hugh (October 1968), "India in the First World War and after", Journal of Contemporary History, 3 (4 , 1918–19: From War to Peace): 89–107, JSTOR 259853 .
- Voigt, Johannes. India in The Second World War (1988)
- Wainwright, A. Martin (1993), Inheritance of Empire: Britain, India, and the Balance of Power in Asia, 1938–55, Praeger Publishers. Pp. xvi, 256, ISBN 978-0-275-94733-0 .
- Wolpert, Stanley A. (2007), "India: British Imperial Power 1858–1947 (Indian nationalism and the British response, 1885–1920; Prelude to Independence, 1920–1947)", Encyclopædia Britannica .
- Wolpert, Stanley A. Jinnah of Pakistan (2005)
- Wolpert, Stanley A. Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India (1962) full text online
Sejarah ekonomi
- Anstey, Vera. The economic development of India (4th ed. 1952), 677pp; thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939
- Chaudhary, Latika, et al. eds. A New Economic History of Colonial India (2015)
- Derbyshire, I. D. (1987), "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914", Population Studies, 21 (3): 521–45, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00009197, JSTOR 312641
- Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule, first published 1902, 2001 edition by Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-24493-0
- Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (1983), The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 2: c. 1757-c. 1970, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22802-2
- Lockwood, David. The Indian Bourgeoisie: A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century (I.B. Tauris, 2012) 315 pages; focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj, but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress.
- Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link", The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16 (3): 109–30, doi:10.1257/089533002760278749, JSTOR 3216953
- Sarkar, J. (2013, reprint). Economics of British India ... Third edition. Enlarged and partly rewritten. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons.
- Simmons, Colin (1985), "'De-Industrialization', Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947", Modern Asian Studies, 19 (3): 593–622, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007745, JSTOR 312453
- Tirthankar, Roy (2014), "Financing the Raj: the City of London and colonial India 1858–1940", Business History, 56 (6): 1024–1026, doi:10.1080/00076791.2013.828424
- Tomlinson, Brian Roger (1993), The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970, New Cambridge history of India, Volume III, 3, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 109, ISBN 978-0-521-36230-6
- Tomlinson, Brian Roger (October 1975), "India and the British Empire, 1880–1935", Indian Economic and Social History Review, 12 (4): 337–380, doi:10.1177/001946467501200401
Historiografi dan memoar
- Andrews, C.F. (2017). India and the Simon Report. Routledge reprint of 1930 first edition. hlm. 11. ISBN 9781315444987.
- Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York, N.Y: Simon and Schuster.
- Ellis, Catriona (2009). "Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India". History Compass. 7 (2): 363–75. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00564.x.
- Gilmartin, David (2015). "The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity". The Journal of Asian Studies. 74 (1): 23–41. doi:10.1017/s0021911814001685.
- Major, Andrea (2011). "Tall tales and true: India, historiography and British imperial imaginings". Contemporary South Asia. 19 (3): 331–32. doi:10.1080/09584935.2011.594257.
- Mantena, Rama Sundari. The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology (2012)
- Moor-Gilbert, Bart. Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India (1996) on fiction written in English
- Mukherjee, Soumyen. "Origins of Indian Nationalism: Some Questions on the Historiography of Modern India." Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 13 (2014). online
- Parkash, Jai. "Major trends of historiography of revolutionary movement in India-Phase II." (PhD dissertation, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2013). online
- Philips, Cyril H. ed. Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon (1961), reviews the older scholarship
- Stern, Philip J (2009). "History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future". History Compass. 7 (4): 1146–80. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x.
- Whitehead, Clive (2005). "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India". History of Education. 34 (3): 315–329. doi:10.1080/00467600500065340.
- Winks, Robin, ed. Historiography (1999) vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire, chapters 11–15, online
- Winks, Robin W. The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources (1966); this book is by a different set of authors from the previous 1999 entry online
- Young, Richard Fox, ed., Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding—Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical—in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg (2009)
Bacaan lebih lanjut
Wikiquote memiliki koleksi kutipan yang berkaitan dengan: Raj Britania Raya.
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai British Raj.
Wikivoyage memiliki panduan wisata Raj Britania Raya.
- Simon Report (1930) vol 1, survei kondisi yang luas
- Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912). Responsible government in the dominions. The Clarendon press. , sumber primer utama
Buku tahun dan catatan statistik
- Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon (1863), ed. oleh John Murdoch online edition edisi 1861
- The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire (edisi ke-2nd.), India, 1893, hlm. 375–462 – via Google Books
- The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
- Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895–96 to 1904–05 (London, 1906) full text online,
- The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial (1908) business history, biographies, illustrations
- The Indian year book: 1914 (1914) snippets
- The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947 daring
- edisi 1930
- edisi 1921
- edisi 1919–1947
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| Sejarah | Kolonisasi · Benggala Belanda · Perusahaan Dagang India Timur · India Prancis · India Portugal · Plassey · Buxar · Perang Inggris-Mughal · Perang Inggris-Mysore (Pertama · Kedua · Ketiga · Keempat) · Perang Inggris-Maratha (Pertama · Kedua · Ketiga) · Perang Inggris-Sikh Pertama · Perang Inggris-Sikh Kedua · Kemaharajaan Britania · Garis Radcliffe · lebih lanjut |     |
| Filosofi dan ideologi | Nasionalisme India · Swaraj · Nasionalisme Hindu · Gandhisme · Satyagraha · Nasionalisme Muslim India · Swadeshi · Sosialisme · Gerakan Khilafat | |
| Peristiwa dan gerakan | Perang Polygar · Pemberontakan Vellore · Pemberontakan 1857 · Pembagian Bengal · Revolusi · Konspirasi Delhi-Lahore · The Indian Sociologist · Konspirasi Sedetis · Champaran dan Kheda · Komite Rowlatt · UU Rowlatt · Pembantaian Jallianwala Bagh · Non-Kerjasama · Pembantaian Qissa Khwani Bazaar · Flag Satyagraha · Pemisahan Benggala (1905) · Dahagi Vellore · Bardoli · Protes 1928 · Laporan Nehru · Purna Swaraj · Salt Satyagraha · Konferensi meja bundar · UU 1935 · Legion Freies Indien · Misi Cripps · Pemisahan Benggala (1947) · Bebaskan India · Pasukan Nasional India · Tiger Legion · Pemberontakan Bombay · Coup d'État de Yanaon · Pemerintah Sementara India | |
| Organisasi | Kongres Nasional India · Anushilan Samiti · Jugantar · Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh · India House · Komite Berlin · Ghadar · Kekuasaan Tanah Air · Khaksar Tehrik · Khudai Khidmatgar · Asosiasi Republik Hindustan · Partai Swaraj · Liga Kemerdekaan India · Azad Hind · lebih lanjut | |
| Reformis sosial | Mahatma Gandhi · Mahatma Jyotirao Phule · Gopal Ganesh Agarkar · Shahu Maharaj · Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar · Dhondo Keshav Karve · Vitthal Ramji Shinde · Mahadev Govind Ranade · Swami Dayananda Saraswati · Ramakrishna · Swami Vivekananda · Vinoba Bhave · Baba Amte · Rammohan Roy · Gopal Hari Deshmukh | |
| Pemimpin dan aktivis India | Puli Thevar · Yashwantrao Holkar · Veerapandiya Kattabomman · Sangolli Rayanna · Baba Ram Singh · Mangal Pandey · Veer Kunwar Singh · Rae Ahmed Nawaz Khan Kharal · Rani dari Jhansi · Bahadur Shah Zafar · Bal Gangadhar Tilak · Gopal Krishna Gokhale · Dadabhai Naoroji · Bhikaiji Cama · Shyamji Krishna Varma · Annie Besant · Har Dayal · Subramanya Bharathi · Lala Lajpat Rai · Bipin Chandra Pal · Rash Behari Bose · Chittaranjan Das · Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan · Maulana Azad · Chandrasekhar Azad · Rajaji · Bhagat Singh · Sarojini Naidu · Purushottam Das Tandon · Alluri Sitaramaraju · M. Ali Jinnah · Sardar Patel · Vakkom Majeed · Subhash Chandra Bose · Jawaharlal Nehru · Mahatma Gandhi · Allama Mashriqi · Akkamma Cherian · Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai · lebih lanjut | |
| Pemimpin Britania Raya | Robert Clive · James Outram · Dalhousie · Irwin · Linlithgow · Wavell · Stafford Cripps · Mountbatten · lebih lanjut | |
| Kemerdekaan | Misi Kabinet · Undang-Undang Kemerdekaan India · Pembagian India · Integrasi politik · Konstitusi · Invasi Goa · Republik India | |
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