Islamabad–New Delhi hotline
The Islamabad–New Delhi hotline is a system that allows direct communication between the leaders of India and Pakistan. The hotline, according to the media sources, was established in 1971, shortly after the end of the 1971 war.[1][2] The hotline linked the Prime minister's Office in Islamabad via Directorate-General of Military Operations (DGMO) to Secretariat Building in New Delhi.
The hotline has seldom been used by the military leadership of India and Pakistan, even at the time of an escalation of tension. It is also called Hotline Linkage.[1] In regard to the Moscow–Washington hotline model, the hotline serves the purpose, as both technological and strategic rationale, for establishing the link between two countries.[1] The Islamabad–Delhi hotline is a secure communication link over which many procedural operations are obtained in different formats.
History
According to the Indian media sources, the hotline was established by the governments of India and Pakistan shortly after the end of the 1971 war. The foreign ministries of India and Pakistan signed the mutual agreement for the implementation of the hotline.[3] The hotline was modelled directly on the Moscow–Washington hotline which was established in 1963.[1] The hotline became operational in the 1970s after both countries' foreign ministries transmitted the messages.[1]
The first usage of the hotline was in 1991 between the militaries of India and Pakistan to work on confidence-building measures.[2] The second usage of the hotline was in 1997, when both countries informed each other on trade issues.[2] In 1998, when both countries had publicly conducted nuclear tests (Pokhran-II, Chagai-I & Chagai-II), the hotline was extensively used between the leaders of both countries.[4] Since 2005, the hotline has been used by each country to inform the other of their nuclear missile tests in the region.[5]
Other hotlines
There are other hotlines for issues involving terrorism (established in 2011),[6] cyber warfare and record communications on prevention of nuclear risk. The nuclear hotline was set up on 20 June 2004, which was initiated by President Pervez Musharraf with the assistance of United States military officers (as advisors) in his regime.[7]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Ahmar, Moonis, ed. (2001). The challenge of confidence-building measures in South Asia. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand. ISBN 8124108404.
- ^ a b c Malhotra, Jyoti (24 October 1998). "The hotline that has cooled Indo-Pak pressures". Express India, 1998. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ Janne Nolan (1994). Cooperation and security in the 21st century. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. ISBN 0815760981.
- ^ Thorpe, Edgar; Thorpe, Showick (2012). The Pearson General Knowledge Manual (10th ed.). New Delhi: Pearson. ISBN 978-8131761908.
- ^ AsiaNews/Agencies (11 August 2005). "India and Pakistan: A hotline against nuclear risk". Asia News. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ Dean Nelson, New Delhi (29 March 2011). "India and Pakistan to establish counter-terrorism hotline". Telegraph, Uk. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
- ^ "The Independent—Monday, 21 June 2004--"India and Pakistan to Have Nuclear Hotline"". Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
- v
- t
- e
- Karachi Agreement
- Jinnah–Mountbatten talks
- Liaquat–Nehru Pact
- Indus Waters Treaty
- Tashkent Declaration
- Simla Agreement
- Delhi Agreement
- Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974
- Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement
- Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline
- Lahore Declaration
- Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline
- Agra Summit
- Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee
- India–Pakistan maritime trespassing
- Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground
- Partition of India
- Kashmir conflict
- Annexation of Junagadh
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
- Insurgency in Balochistan
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
- Bangladesh Liberation War
- Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
- Pakistani Instrument of Surrender
- Islamabad–New Delhi hotline
- POWs
- Line of Control
- Siachen conflict
- Operation Tupac
- Kargil War
- Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
- Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India
- 1947 Amritsar train massacre
- Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948
- Sino-Pakistan Agreement
- 1959 Canberra shootdown
- 1971 Indian Airlines hijacking
- Kashmir Singh
- Samba spy scandal
- Indian Airlines Flight 423
- Ravindra Kaushik
- Pan Am Flight 73
- Operation Brasstacks
- Sarabjit Singh
- Sanaullah Haq
- 1992 India–Pakistan floods
- 1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown
- Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar
- 2001 Indian Parliament attack
- 2001–2002 standoff
- 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings
- 2008 Mumbai attacks
- 2008 military standoff
- 2011 border skirmishes
- Khaleel Chishty
- 2013 border skirmishes
- 2014–2015 border skirmishes
- 2014 India–Pakistan floods
- 2014 Wagah border suicide attack
- Kulbhushan Jadhav
- 2016 Pathankot attack
- 2016 Uri attack
- 2016 Indian Line of Control strike
- 2016–2018 border skirmishes
- 2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
- 2020–2021 skirmishes
- 2021 Lahore bombing
- 2022 missile incident
- 2023 border skirmishes
- Border
- Indians in Pakistan
- Pakistanis in India
- Anti-Indian sentiment
- Anti-Pakistan sentiment
- Illegal immigration to India
- East Bengali refugees
- Sports rivalries
- Transport between India and Pakistan
- Jinnah House
- Aaghaz-e-Dosti
- Aman ki Asha
- Indian reunification
- Indo-Pakistani Confederation
- Akhand Bharat
- Hindi–Urdu controversy
- Pakistani textbooks controversy
- Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project
- Nuclear arms race
- Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism
- Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts
- New Concept of War Fighting
- Cold Start
- Foodistan
- Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour